The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang Theory
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If we look at the sky in a cloudless and moonless night, then we will find that the brightest bodies in the sky are the planets like Venus, Mars, Guru, and Saturn. Apart from this, innumerable stars can also be seen in the sky which is similar to our Sun but far away from us. Our nearest star Proxima Centauri is four light-years away from us. Most of the stars visible from our eyes are a few hundred light-years away. For comparison, tell us that the Sun is only eight light minutes from us and the Moon is 14 light seconds away. Most of the stars we see appear as a long band, which we call the Milky Way. Which in reality is spiral as shown in the picture. This shows how vast the universe is! How did this universe come into existence?

The theory of the great explosion is most valid in the context of the origin of the universe. This theory explains how the universe was born from an extremely hot and dense state about 13.7 trillion years ago. According to this, the universe originated from a single point.

The observation and cosmic principle  (Cosmological Principle) made by Habbal is the core of the theory of the great explosion.

In 1919, Hubble found, based on the theory of Red Shift, that the universe was expanding, the sky's skyrocketing rapidly moving away from each other. According to this theory, in the past, the sky guards must have been close to each other and, in the past, they must have been very close to each other. From these observations, it is concluded that the universe has originated from a situation in which all the matter and energy of the universe were in one place at extremely hot temperature and density. This condition is called Gravitational Singularity. Maha-blast This term refers to the time when the expansion of the monitored universe began. This time calculation is found to be 13.7 trillion years ago (1.37 x 10 10). With the help of this theory, George Gamo predicted cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in 1948, which was discovered in 1960. This discovery provided a solid foundation for the theory of great explosions.

The theory of the Great-Explosion has been formed on the basis of estimation and inspection. Astronomers observed that most nebulae were moving away from the earth. He was not known about its impact on astronomy and its cause. They were not even aware that these practices were outside our own galaxy. Why this is happening, how it is happening was a mystery.

In 1927, George Lemitr devised the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations, going beyond the theory of general relativity of Einstein. According to Levitra, the universe originated from an elementary atom, this rendering we today call the theory of super-explosion. But no one took this idea seriously at that time.

Earlier in 1925, Habbal found that our galaxy is not alone in the universe, there have been many such skies. There is a huge gap between them. To prove this, he had to calculate the distance from the Earth of these galaxies. But this skyline was far beyond the visible stars. Habbal used an indirect method to calculate this distance. The brightness of any star depends on two factors, the amount of light it emits and the distance it is located. If we know the brightness and distance of nearby stars, then their brightness can be calculated. Similarly, when the brilliance of the star is known, the distance can be determined using the value obtained by monitoring its brightness. In this way, Hubble calculated the distances of nine different galaxies.

In 1929, Hubble was calculating distances by observing these galaxies. He was making a catalog of the spectrum and distance of light emitted from each star. Till that time, it was believed that the sky is moving in the universe randomly without any specific order. He estimated that he would get the same amount of red deviation and violet deviation in this index. But the results were unexpected. He got red deviations from almost all galaxies. This meant that all the sky guards were going away from us. The most surprising finding was that this red deviation was not irregular, it was proportional to the motion of that galaxy. This meant that the universe is not stable, the distance between galaxies is increasing. This experiment gave Lemitra's theory an experimental basis from observation. This observation is known today as Habbal's law.

Habbal's law and cosmic theory state that the universe is expanding. This theory was contrary to Einstein's infinite and static universe.

This theory gave rise to two contradictory possibilities. The first possibility was Lemitr's great-explosion theory, supported and extended by George Gamow. Another possibility was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, which always presented the origin of new materials in the middle of distant galaxies. In other words, when the sky goes away from each other, a new space is created where the empty space is created. According to this possibility, the universe has been and will remain the same at all times. Hoyle was the one who named Lemitr the "Big Bang Idia", making fun of the great explosion theory.

For a long time, scientists were divided between these two models. But gradually the scientific experiments and observations grew in support of the theory of Mahavistop. After 1965 the discovery of Cosmic Microwave Radiation got the status of the most recognized theory. In today's situation, every law of astronomy is based on this principle and is an extension of this principle.

The cosmos beginning after the great explosion was homogeneous and literally very dense and full of energy. At that time pressure and temperature were also excessive. It slowly spread and cooled, the process was similar to that of steam slowly cooling to ice, the difference being that the process is related to the basic particles (electrons, protons, photons, etc.).

A transition after 10 -35 seconds of the Planck period led to an exponential growth of the universe at a very fast rate. This period is called cosmic inflation period. After the end of this inflation, the matter of the universe was in the state of a quark-gluon plasma, in which all particles move. As the size of the universe increased, the temperature started to decrease. At a certain temperature, which we call the biogenous infection, glucans and quarks combine to form Biran (protons and neutrons). During this transition, there was a difference in the number of particles and per particle (matter and per substance) due to some unknown reason. The laws of physics and fundamental particles came into existence today as the temperature decreases further. Later protons and neutrons together formed the nucleus of deuterium and helium, a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. As the universe cooled, the speed of matter decreased, and the energy of matter transformed into gravity and exceeded the energy of radiation. After 300,000 years, electrons and crystals formed atoms (mostly hydrogen); In this process, radiation is separated from the substance. This radiation is still scattered in the universe as cosmic microwave radiation.

Over time, the slightly denser areas were transformed by gravity into more denser regions. The matter was moving away from each other due to the great explosion, the same gravity was pulling them. Where the density of matter was high, the force of gravity exceeded the force responsible for the spread of the universe. Due to the excess of gravitational force, the matter came together to form various celestial bodies. In this way gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies were born, which we can see today.

More detailed information on this process of the birth of celestial bodies depends on the quantity and type of matter. There are three possible types of matter: cold dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter. According to astronomical calculations, the amount of cold black matter is the highest (about 80%). Almost all celestial bodies inspected by humans are made of bionic matter.

Like the dark matter, the universe today is dominated by a mysterious type of energy, dark energy. About 70% of the total energy of the universe is of this energy. This energy is distracting the expansion speed of the universe from a simple linear momentum-difference equation, this speed is much higher than the expected speed. Black energy in its simplest form is a cosmological constant in Einstein's equations. But we do not know more than we know about it. In other words, all the force is known to humans in physics, they are not able to explain the force and laws of physics to explain the speed of expansion of the universe. This has been resorted to by an imaginary force called black energy.

All these observations come under the Lambda CDM model, which interprets the theory of the Great Explosion on six scales. The mystery deepens when we look at the beginning of the state of Vata, at this time the particles of matter were with excessive energy, this state cannot be attained in any laboratory. We do not have any mathematical or physical model to explain the first 10 -33 seconds of the universe, the state of which is predicted by the Grand Unification Theory. From the first point of view, Einstein's theory of gravitation presupposes a gravitational singularity whose density is infinite. The theory of quantum gravity is needed to solve this mystery. Understanding this period (the first 10 -33 seconds of the universe) is one of the greatest unresolved physical mysteries of the world.

Others:

1. See here about Red Shift.

2. Cosmological Principle: This is a belief, not a theory. According to this, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. Observing from any place on a large scale, the universe appears to be the same in every direction.

3. Cosmic microwave background radiation-CMB: It is spread throughout the universe from the time of the creation of the universe to the present day. This radiation can still be felt today.

4. Nebula: Clouds of dust and gas located in the universe.

5. Planck Period: named after Max Planck, in the history of the universe from 0 to 10–43 (one Planck unit time), when all four fundamental forces (gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak molecular attraction force and strong molecular attraction Force) were joint and fundamental particles did not exist.

6. Dark Matter and dark energy are to write a full article on it.

7. Grand Unification Theory: This theory is still incomplete, this theory is expected to solve all the mysteries and give a universal mathematic and physical explanation of the universe origin and its laws.

8. Byron: Proton and neutron are also called Byron. Detailed information in the fundamental particle article of matter.

9. Basic forces of physics: Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak molecular attraction force and strong molecular attraction force

10. One light-year: The distance traveled by light in one year. Approx 9,500,000,000,000 kilometers. This unit is used to measure distance in space.

11. Today we know that trillions of galaxies can be seen with the latest telescopes, of which our galaxy is one and a galaxy also has trillions of stars. Our Milky Way is a helical galaxy that is about a thousand light-years in width and is rotating slowly. Its helical arm stars make a circumambulation of the center in 1,000,000 years. Our Sun is a simple average-sized yellow star, which lies on the inner edge of a helical arm.