what is dark matter

 dark matter
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Dark matter

In physics, dark matter is a substance that does not emit or reflect electromagnetic radiation (light, X rays) in sufficient quantity to make it feel, but its presence can be felt by its gravitational effect on ordinary matter. Chief among the observations made for the presence of black matter is the rotation speed of galaxies, the motion in the galaxy's orbit in a group of galaxies, and the distribution of temperature in hot gases in a galaxy or galaxy group.

The black matter has a major role in the shape of the universe and the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. The effect of black matter has also been on the spread and distribution of cosmic radiation. All this evidence suggests that the amount of matter in the sky, galaxy, and matter in the universe is much higher than the observed quantity, which is mainly black matter which cannot be seen.

The composition of dark matter is still unknown but it is new fundamental particles like WIMP  and Axions, ordinary and heavy neutrinos, Vamana Taro and Grahas (MACHO)  and gases. It can be made up of clouds. According to recent evidence, the composition of dark matter should be from the new fundamental particles called nonbaryonic dark matter.

The amount and mass of dark matter are more than that of the universe. In the discoveries so far, the density of Biron and radiation in the universe is about 1 hydrogen atom per cubic meter. About 4% of its energy density can be seen. About 22% is of black matter, the remaining 4% is of black energy. Some hard-to-detect biogenic substances also make black matter, but its quantity is quite small. The discovery of this missing mass is one of the biggest unresolved mysteries of physics and cosmology.

The first to provide evidence about the black matter was Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss scientist at the California Institute of Technology. He used the virtual theorem on the coma galaxy group and he realized the missing mass. Zwicky calculated the mass of a coma galaxy group based on the motion of galaxies along the edge of the coma galaxy group. When he compared this mass to the known mass based on the total light brightness of the galaxies and their galaxy clusters, they came to know that there is 400 times more mass than expected.

The gravity of the galaxies seen in this galaxy group must be very low due to such a fast orbit, these galaxies must have some more mass to balance themselves. This is called the Missing Mass Problem. On the basis of these estimates, Zhivsky said that there must be some invisible material that is giving proper mass and gravity to this galaxy group, which is not causing the galaxy group to disintegrate.

Further evidence about dark matter came from the study of the motion of galaxies. Many of these galaxies are monogamous, applying their virtual theorem to their total kinetic energy to be half of their total gravitational energy. According to experimental results, kinetic energy was found to be much more than this. Taking the gravity of the visible mass of the galaxy itself, the motion of stars away from the center of the galaxy was found to be much higher than the mathematical speed by the Virelli theorem. The Galactic rotational curve orbit that explains the rotational motion and galaxy center cannot be explained by visible mass.

This can be interpreted if the visible matter is only a small part of the galaxy group. The sky galaxy appears to be made of an almost spherical black substance with a saucer visible substance in the middle. Vamana sky-high with the low luminous surface is an important source of information necessary for the study of dark matter because they have an exceptionally low proportion of ordinary matter and dark matter and they have some bright stars in the center which gives the orbit of stars at the outer edge. They distort.

Based on the results published in August 2006, the black matter has been found to be different from ordinary substances. This result has been found in a study of two different galaxy groups made from 1500 million years ago in the Bullet Cluster. Until 60 years after the observation of the Milky Way's rotating curve orbit Zhivisky, no such observation was found in which the ratio of light and mass is different from the unit. The ratio of excess light to mass indicates the presence of dark matter. In the early 1960s, Vera Rubin, a scientist at the Carnegie Institute of Washington, obtained some new results with the help of a new more sensitive spectrograph (which could more accurately measure the motion orbit of the tip of the horoscope Numa galaxy).

According to this astonishing result, most stars in a horoscope-like galaxy revolve around the center of the galaxy at the same speed. This meant that the mass density was mostly far away from the stars (galaxy center). It also meant that either Newton's law of gravity could not be applied at all stages or that more than 50% of the mass of these galaxies was made up of dark matter. This result was ridiculed earlier but later it was assumed that most of the galaxy is made up of dark matter.

Later similar results were also found in ellipse-shaped galaxies. The calculation of 50% percent mass has now increased to 95% by Rubin. There are some galaxy groups that deny the presence of dark energy. The globular galaxy group is one such galaxy group. Recently, scientists at Cardiff University have discovered a galaxy made of black energy. It is 50 light-years away from Virgo Cluster, the name of this galaxy is VIRGOHI21. There are no stars in this galaxy.

This is discovered by the observation of radio waves of hydrogen. By studying its rotating orbit, scientists estimate that it contains 1000 times more dark matter than the mass of hydrogen. Its total mass is one-tenth of the mass of our Milky Way galaxy. Even in our galaxy, Mandakini, there is 10 times more dark matter than the mass of visible matter.

Black matter also affects the galaxy group. The Abell 2029 galaxy group, which is made up of thousands of galaxies, is surrounded by a covering of hot gases and black matter. The mass of this dark matter is equal to the mass of 1014 suns. In the center of this galaxy group is an ellipse-shaped galaxy (made up of some galaxies). The orbit motion of this galaxy group is consistent with black energy observations.

The second means for monitoring black energy is gravitational lensing. This process is based on the mass calculation of the theory of relativity, which does not depend on kinetic energy. It is a completely independent principle for calculating the mass of dark energy. Strong gravitational curvature has been found around Abell 189. By measuring this curvature, the mass of that galaxy group can be found. The presence of black matter can be checked by the ratio of mass to light.

Composition of dark matter

In August 2006, the black matter has been tested by the optical method but it is still under speculation. Evidence such as galaxy rotating curve orbit, gravitational curvature, different structure of cosmic matter (Structure Formation), low presence of Bayern in the galaxy group suggests that 75-90% matter does not react with the electromagnetic force. This dark matter shows its presence by its gravitational force. This black matter can have the following categories.

1. Bayern Black Matter
2. Non-black matter (it can be of three types)
3. Hot black matter
4. Hot black matter
5. Ground black matter

In extremely hot black matter, the particles are moving at relative speeds. Neutrino is such a particle. This article has a low mass and does not have the effect of electromagnetic force and strong molecular force. Its investigation is a difficult task. This too is like black energy. But experiments show that neutrinos are a very small part of dark matter. The hot black matter does not live up to the principle of super explosions but they exist.

Soft black matter whose particles do not move relatively. Large-mass bodies such as galaxy-shaped black holes can be distinguished based on Gurtavian curvature. Possible candidates also have common bionic matter bodies such as brown Vamana or macho (MACHO extremely dense bodies of heavy elements). But the molecular process of big bang nucleosynthesis has led scientists to believe that baryonic substances, such as MACHO, maybe a very small part of the mass of the total black matter.

In today's situation, the composition of dark matter, in addition to particles like abiranic particles, electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos, axions, WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles weakly reacting heavy particles including neutrino), constants neutrinos (sterile neutrinos). None of these particles are particles of basic physics. Experiments are on to find candidate particles of the composition of black matter.

Other

1. Structure Formation: This is a fundamental undiscovered mystery of the universe building physics. The universe, as we know from the study of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, is made up of a very dense, extremely hot point of mass explosion. But in today's situation, there is a celestial body of every size, from planets to galaxies, ranging in size from the shape of the Cluster. How did today's universe become from a homogeneous universe of a beginning phase?

2. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: The process of nuclear nucleus formation of elements other than hydrogen (H1).

3. Byronic Matter is mainly made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. Electrons, neutrons, and protons are also called Byron.

4. WIMP: weakly interacting massive particles: yet it is an imaginary particle. These particles react only with weak molecular force and gravitational force. They have a much larger mass than ordinary particles (Byron). They do not react with ordinary matter so that they cannot be seen and felt.

5. Axions: This is also an imaginary fundamental particle, there is no electric charge on them and their mass should be very low between 10 - 4 to 10 - 2 eV / c2. They should be converted into photons in the presence of strong magnetic forces.

6. Macho (extremely large densely lit body) (MACHO: Massive compact halo object): This is the name given to objects that can help in understanding the presence of dark matter. These can also be Black Hole, Neutron stars, White Vamana stars or Red Vamana stars.

7. Gravitational lensing: There is curvature in light rays when it passes through a gravitational lens. This gravitational lens can also be a black hole.
(10) Sterile neutrinos: The neutrinos are not affected by any fundamental forces.